对苹果“五仁”编程语言Swift的简单分析
对苹果“五仁”编程语言Swift的简单分析
苹果在昨天的WWDC上，发布了新的编程语言Swift。这两天开发社区都在讨论这个语言，从语言的特性上大家发现了好多语言的影子，这样的情况可以说是集大成，也可以说是“五仁”。每个人看问题的角度都不同，下面从个人的角度来看看这门语言涉及到的工具链及其对越狱开发的影响。
由于刚刚发布，针对相关工具的介绍几乎没有，那我们就从xcode中寻找。在shell中执行：
find /Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents/ -name "*swift*"
可以找到swift相关的文件，简单过滤后，如下的文件比较重要：
/Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/swift
/Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/swift-demangle
/Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/swift-ide-test
/Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/swift-stdlib-tool
/Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents/SharedFrameworks/LLDB.framework/Versions/A/Resources/repl_swift
/Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents//Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/share/man/man1/swift.1
从找到的文件中我们可以看到包含 man 手册文件，我们首先看看手册的内容：
swift(1) Swift Documentation swift(1)
NAME
swift - <strong>the amazingly new programming language</strong>
SYNOPSIS
swift [-emit-object|-emit-assembly|-emit-library|-i]
[-help]
-o output-file
input-filenames
The full list of supported options is available via "swift -help".
DESCRIPTION
Swift is a new, high performance systems programming language. It has a clean and modern syntax,
and offers seamless access to existing C and Objective-C code and frameworks, and is memory safe
(by default).
Although inspired by Objective-C and many other languages, Swift is not itself a C-derived
language. As a complete and independent language, Swift packages core features like flow control,
data structures, and functions, with high-level constructs like objects, protocols, closures, and
generics. Swift embraces modules, eliminating the need for headers and the code duplication they
entail.
2014-05-17 swift(1)
从手册中可以得到的信息也非常有限，但是看到参数：-help，我们看看帮助会输出什么：
OVERVIEW: Swift compiler
USAGE: swift [options] <inputs>
MODES:
-dump-ast Parse and type-check input file(s) and dump AST(s)
-dump-parse Parse input file(s) and dump AST(s)
-emit-assembly Emit assembly file(s) (-S)
-emit-bc Emit LLVM BC file(s)
-emit-executable Emit a linked executable
-emit-ir Emit LLVM IR file(s)
-emit-library Emit a linked library
-emit-object Emit object file(s) (-c)
-emit-silgen Emit raw SIL file(s)
-emit-sil Emit canonical SIL file(s)
-integrated-repl Integrated REPL mode
-i Immediate mode
-lldb-repl LLDB-enhanced REPL mode
-parse Parse input file(s)
-print-ast Parse and type-check input file(s) and pretty print AST(s)
-repl REPL mode
OPTIONS:
-application-extension Restrict code to those available for App Extensions
-arch <arch> Compile for architecture <arch>
-assert-config <value> Specify the assert_configuration replacement. Possible values are Debug, Release, Replacement.
-D <value> Specifies one or more build configuration options
-emit-dependencies Emit Make-compatible dependencies files
-emit-module-path <path>
Emit an importable module to <path>
-emit-module Emit an importable module
-emit-objc-header-path <path>
Emit an Objective-C header file to <path>
-emit-objc-header Emit an Objective-C header file
-framework <value> Specifies a framework which should be linked against
-F <value> Add directory to framework search path
-g Emit debug info
-help Display available options
-import-underlying-module
Implicitly imports the Objective-C half of a module
-I <value> Add directory to the import search path
-j <n> Number of commands to execute in parallel
-L <value> Add directory to library link search path
-l<value> Specifies a library which should be linked against
-module-cache-path <value>
Specifies the Clang module cache path
-module-link-name <value>
Library to link against when using this module
-module-name <value> Name of the module to build
-nostdimport Don't search the standard library import path for modules
-output-file-map <path> A file which specifies the location of outputs
-o <file> Write output to <file>
-parse-as-library Parse the input file(s) as libraries, not scripts
-parse-sil Parse the input file as SIL code, not Swift source
-save-temps Save intermediate compilation results
-sdk <sdk> Compile against <sdk>
-serialize-diagnostics Serialize diagnostics in a binary format
-target-cpu <value> Generate code for a particular CPU variant
-target-feature [+-]<feature-name>
Generate code with a particular CPU feature enabled or disabled
-target <value> Generate code for the given target
-version Print version information and exit
-v Show commands to run and use verbose output
-Xcc <arg> Pass <arg> to the C/C++/Objective-C compiler
-Xfrontend <arg> Pass <arg> to the Swift frontend
-Xlinker <value> Specifies an option which should be passed to the linker
-Xllvm <arg> Pass <arg> to LLVM.
这么多参数到底怎么用呢？！我们一起来看看 xcode 是怎么使用的。
打开xcode6新建一个空工程，取名“FuckSwift”：
将工程的Deployment Target改成 5.0，然后编译，并在设备上运行。我手上的设备是iPad2-iOS7.0.4，可以正常运行。为什么可以正常运行？swift相关的运行时库怎么处理？我们打开编译好的app目录：
可以看到比以前的程序多了一个目录 Frameworks，内容如下：
因此，在iOS8之下的设备上，程序打包的时候带上了必要的运行库。对于iOS8，目前还没法解开 dyld cache 也就无法知道设备上是否带了这些库，不过应该会带。
接上文，我们建立测试工程的目的是为了看看 xcode 如何使用 swift 编译工具，xcoce编译时的相关参数如下：
/Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/swift
-target armv7-apple-ios5.0
-module-name FuckSwift
-O0
-sdk /Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS8.0.sdk
-g
-module-cache-path /Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/ModuleCache
-I /Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos
-F /Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos
-parse-as-library
-c
-j8
/Users/proteas/Desktop/FuckSwift/FuckSwift/AppDelegate.swift
-output-file-map /Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Intermediates/FuckSwift.build/Debug-iphoneos/FuckSwift.build/Objects-normal/armv7/FuckSwift-OutputFileMap.json
-serialize-diagnostics
-emit-dependencies
-emit-module
-emit-module-path /Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Intermediates/FuckSwift.build/Debug-iphoneos/FuckSwift.build/Objects-normal/armv7/FuckSwift.swiftmodule
-Xcc
-iquote
-Xcc /Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Intermediates/FuckSwift.build/Debug-iphoneos/FuckSwift.build/FuckSwift-generated-files.hmap
-Xcc -I/Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Intermediates/FuckSwift.build/Debug-iphoneos/FuckSwift.build/FuckSwift-own-target-headers.hmap
-Xcc -I/Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Intermediates/FuckSwift.build/Debug-iphoneos/FuckSwift.build/FuckSwift-all-target-headers.hmap
-Xcc
-iquote
-Xcc /Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Intermediates/FuckSwift.build/Debug-iphoneos/FuckSwift.build/FuckSwift-project-headers.hmap -Xcc -I/Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos/include
-Xcc
-I/Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/include
-Xcc -I/Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Intermediates/FuckSwift.build/Debug-iphoneos/FuckSwift.build/DerivedSources/armv7
-Xcc -I/Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Intermediates/FuckSwift.build/Debug-iphoneos/FuckSwift.build/DerivedSources
-Xcc
-DDEBUG=1
-emit-objc-header
-emit-objc-header-path /Users/proteas/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/FuckSwift-czflmbyelvdrnvaxblvpkcrhfbie/Build/Intermediates/FuckSwift.build/Debug-iphoneos/FuckSwift.build/Objects-normal/armv7/FuckSwift-Swift.h
参数还是太多，继续精简，把去掉绝对路径：
swift -target armv7-apple-ios5.0
-module-name FuckSwift
-O0
-sdk iPhoneOS8.0.sdk
-g
-module-cache-path ModuleCache
-I Debug-iphoneos
-F Debug-iphoneos
-parse-as-library
-c
-j8
AppDelegate.swift
-output-file-map FuckSwift-OutputFileMap.json
-serialize-diagnostics
-emit-dependencies
-emit-module
-emit-module-path FuckSwift.swiftmodule
-Xcc -iquote
-Xcc FuckSwift-generated-files.hmap
-Xcc -IFuckSwift-own-target-headers.hmap
-Xcc -IFuckSwift-all-target-headers.hmap
-Xcc -iquote
-Xcc FuckSwift-project-headers.hmap
-Xcc -Iinclude
-Xcc -I/usr/include
-Xcc -Iarmv7
-Xcc -IDerivedSources
-Xcc -DDEBUG=1
<strong>-emit-objc-header
-emit-objc-header-path FuckSwift-Swift.h</strong>
这样就相对清晰了。这里面的参数大家可以对照上述的帮助查看，这里我们一起看两点：
1、Xcc ：Pass to the C/C++/Objective-C compiler，这里我们可以得到：swift代码很可能最终被转变成C/C++/Objective-C代码进行静态编译。
2、会生成FuckSwift-Swift.h头文件，对比下这个文件与swift文件。
@UIApplicationMain
class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate {
var window: UIWindow?
func application(application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: NSDictionary?) -> Bool {
self.window = UIWindow(frame: UIScreen.mainScreen().bounds)
self.window!.backgroundColor = UIColor.whiteColor()
self.window!.makeKeyAndVisible()
return true
}
func applicationWillResignActive(application: UIApplication) {
}
func applicationDidEnterBackground(application: UIApplication) {
}
func applicationWillEnterForeground(application: UIApplication) {
}
func applicationDidBecomeActive(application: UIApplication) {
}
func applicationWillTerminate(application: UIApplication) {
}
}
SWIFT_CLASS("_TtC9FuckSwift11AppDelegate")
@interface AppDelegate : UIResponder <UIApplicationDelegate>
@property (nonatomic) UIWindow * window;
- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions;
- (void)applicationWillResignActive:(UIApplication *)application;
- (void)applicationDidEnterBackground:(UIApplication *)application;
- (void)applicationWillEnterForeground:(UIApplication *)application;
- (void)applicationDidBecomeActive:(UIApplication *)application;
- (void)applicationWillTerminate:(UIApplication *)application;
- (instancetype)init OBJC_DESIGNATED_INITIALIZER;
@end
可以看到swift程序是被转换了的，但是是不是转换成了Objective-C程序呢？还需要进一步分析。
打开IDA，加载测试程序的MachO：
我们重点看下函数窗口：
从函数名上我们可以得到如下结论：
1、可以看到函数名被“改编”了。
2、swift代码并不是被简单得编译成了ObjC代码
3、swift代码最终被编译成了纯C代码，相对于ObjC来说省去了运行时查表进行函数调用的开销，执行效率应该比ObjC要高。
4、从文档上看swfit相对于ObjC来说是更加动态的语言，开发效率也应该比ObjC高
5、对于越狱开发来说，我们只要像Hook C函数那样来Hook swift 函数就可以了，因此MobileSubstrate还是可以工作的。
6、生成的代码还是要遵循 ARM 的ABI标准
就像C++的名称改编一样，改编后的名称虽然可以手工还原但是太麻烦，最好找到工具来做这一件事。前文，我们在查找swift相关的文件时看到一个工具：swift-demangle，下面我们就用它来demangle改编后的名称，看看可以得到什么。
首先，我们切换命令行到xcode6的命令行工具：
sudo xcode-select --switch /Applications/Xcode6-Beta.app/Contents/Developer
然后，我们看看swift-demangle的命令行参数：
USAGE: swift-demangle [options] [mangled name...]
OPTIONS:
-compact - Compact mode (only emit the demangled names)
-expand - Expand mode (show node structure of the demangling)
-help - Display available options (-help-hidden for more)
-no-sugar - No sugar mode (disable common language idioms such as ? and [] from the output)
-tree-only - Tree-only mode (do not show the demangled string)
-version - Display the version of this program
从IDA中复制一个函数名，如：
__TToFC9FuckSwift11AppDelegate26applicationDidBecomeActivefS0_FCSo13UIApplicationT_
我们执行如下命令：
xcrun swift-demangle "__TToFC9FuckSwift11AppDelegate26applicationDidBecomeActivefS0_FCSo13UIApplicationT_"
得到输出：
_TToFC9FuckSwift11AppDelegate26applicationDidBecomeActivefS0_FCSo13UIApplicationT_ ---> @objc FuckSwift.AppDelegate.applicationDidBecomeActive (FuckSwift.AppDelegate)(ObjectiveC.UIApplication) -> ()
可以看到函数被还原。
到这里我们停下，看看swift对越狱开发的影响：
1、目前无法使用class-dump得到ObjC的头文件。
2、MobileSubstrate应该还可以正常工作。
3、可以使用demangle工具还原函数名，后期这部分工作IDA可能会自动支持。
总之，对越狱开发的流程会稍微有影响，针对应用的越狱开发还可以存在。
下面我们看看命令行工具swift-ide-test的参数：
OVERVIEW: Swift IDE Test
USAGE: swift-ide-test [options] [input files...]
OPTIONS:
-D=<string> - Build configurations
-F=<string> - add a directory to the framework search path
-I=<string> - add a directory to the import search path
-annotate-print - Annotate AST printing
-code-completion-diagnostics - Print compiler diagnostics while doing code completion
-code-completion-token=<string> - Code completion token name
-comments-xml-schema=<string> - Filename of the RelaxNG schema for documentation comments
-enable-objc-factory-method-constructors - Implicitly import Objective-C factory methods as initializers
-enable-objc-implicit-properties - Implicitly import Objective-C getter/setter pairs as properties
-explode-pattern-binding-decls - Separate pattern binding decls into individual var decls
-fatal-assembler-warnings - Consider warnings as error
-fully-qualified-types - Print fully qualified types
-fully-qualified-types-if-ambiguous - Print types fully-qualified if they would be ambiguous otherwise
-function-definitions - Print function bodies
-help - Display available options (-help-hidden for more)
-implicit-objc-with - Make the "with" implicit in initializers
-import-objc-header=<string> - header to implicitly import
-module-cache-path=<string> - Clang module cache path
-module-print-hidden - Print non-exported imported or submodules
-module-print-skip-overlay - Skip Swift overlay modules
-module-print-submodules - Recursively print submodules
-module-to-print=<string> - Name of the module to print
-objc-bridge-dictionary - Bridge Dictionary<K, V> to NSDictionary
-prefer-type-repr - When printing types, prefer printing TypeReprs
-print-after-all - Print IR after each pass
-print-before-all - Print IR before each pass
Mode:
-code-completion - Perform code completion
-repl-code-completion - Perform REPL-style code completion
-syntax-coloring - Perform syntax coloring
-structure - Perform document structure annotation
-annotate - Perform semantic annotation
-test-input-complete - Check if input source is complete
-print-ast-not-typechecked - Print the non-typechecked AST
-print-ast-typechecked - Print the typechecked AST
-print-module - Print visible declarations in a module
-print-types - Print types of all subexpressions and declarations in the AST
-print-comments - Print documentation comments attached to decls
-print-module-comments - Given a module, print documentation comments attached to decls
-print-module-imports - Recursively print all imports visible from a particular module
-print-usrs - Print USRs for all decls
-parse-rest - Parse a ReST file
-print-implicit-attrs - Print implicit attributes
-print-regular-comments - Print regular comments from clang module headers
-print-stats - Print statistics
-sdk=<string> - path to the SDK to build against
-skip-private-stdlib-decls - Don't print declarations that start with '_'
-skip-unavailable - Don't print unavailable declarations
-source-filename=<string> - Name of the source file
-split-objc-selectors - Split Objective-C selectors
-stats - Enable statistics output from program (available with Asserts)
-synthesize-sugar-on-types - Always print Array and Optional with sugar
-target=<string> - target triple
-terminal - Use terminal color for source annotations
-time-passes - Time each pass, printing elapsed time for each on exit
-typecheck - Type check the AST
-version - Display the version of this program
从参数上看，这很可能是xcode的内部工具，用来做代码完成与检查的。这里不具体分析，感兴趣的兄弟可以自己试试。
下面我们继续回到 swift 工具上，首先看看parse的输出，执行如下命令：
xcrun swift AppDelegate.swift -dump-parse
得到如下输出：
(source_file
(import_decl UIKit')
(class_decl "AppDelegate" type='<null type>' inherits: <null>, <null>
(pattern_binding_decl
(pattern_typed
(pattern_named 'window')
))
(var_decl "window" type='<null type>' storage_kind='stored')
(func_decl "application(_:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:)" type='<null type>'
(body_params
(pattern_typed implicit
(pattern_named implicit 'self'))
(pattern_tuple
(pattern_typed
(pattern_named 'application')
(type_ident
(component id='UIApplication' bind=none)))
(pattern_typed
(pattern_named 'launchOptions')
)))
(result
(type_ident
(component id='Bool' bind=none)))
(brace_stmt
(sequence_expr type='<null>'
(unresolved_dot_expr type='<null>' field 'window'
(declref_expr type='<null>' decl=AppDelegate.(file).AppDelegate.func decl.self@AppDelegate.swift:17:10 specialized=yes))
(assign_expr
(**NULL EXPRESSION**)
(**NULL EXPRESSION**))
(call_expr type='<null>'
(unresolved_decl_ref_expr type='<null>' name=UIWindow specialized=no)
(tuple_expr type='<null>' names=frame
(unresolved_dot_expr type='<null>' field 'bounds'
(call_expr type='<null>'
(unresolved_dot_expr type='<null>' field 'mainScreen'
(unresolved_decl_ref_expr type='<null>' name=UIScreen specialized=no))
(tuple_expr type='<null>'))))))
(sequence_expr type='<null>'
(unresolved_dot_expr type='<null>' field 'backgroundColor'
(force_value_expr type='<null>'
(unresolved_dot_expr type='<null>' field 'window'
(declref_expr type='<null>' decl=AppDelegate.(file).AppDelegate.func decl.self@AppDelegate.swift:17:10 specialized=yes))))
(assign_expr
(**NULL EXPRESSION**)
(**NULL EXPRESSION**))
(call_expr type='<null>'
(unresolved_dot_expr type='<null>' field 'whiteColor'
(unresolved_decl_ref_expr type='<null>' name=UIColor specialized=no))
(tuple_expr type='<null>')))
(call_expr type='<null>'
(unresolved_dot_expr type='<null>' field 'makeKeyAndVisible'
(force_value_expr type='<null>'
(unresolved_dot_expr type='<null>' field 'window'
(declref_expr type='<null>' decl=AppDelegate.(file).AppDelegate.func decl.self@AppDelegate.swift:17:10 specialized=yes))))
(tuple_expr type='<null>'))
(return_stmt
(unresolved_decl_ref_expr type='<null>' name=true specialized=no))))
(func_decl "applicationWillResignActive(_:)" type='<null type>'
(body_params
(pattern_typed implicit
(pattern_named implicit 'self'))
(pattern_tuple
(pattern_typed
(pattern_named 'application')
(type_ident
(component id='UIApplication' bind=none)))))
(brace_stmt))
(func_decl "applicationDidEnterBackground(_:)" type='<null type>'
(body_params
(pattern_typed implicit
(pattern_named implicit 'self'))
(pattern_tuple
(pattern_typed
(pattern_named 'application')
(type_ident
(component id='UIApplication' bind=none)))))
(brace_stmt))
(func_decl "applicationWillEnterForeground(_:)" type='<null type>'
(body_params
(pattern_typed implicit
(pattern_named implicit 'self'))
(pattern_tuple
(pattern_typed
(pattern_named 'application')
(type_ident
(component id='UIApplication' bind=none)))))
(brace_stmt))
(func_decl "applicationDidBecomeActive(_:)" type='<null type>'
(body_params
(pattern_typed implicit
(pattern_named implicit 'self'))
(pattern_tuple
(pattern_typed
(pattern_named 'application')
(type_ident
(component id='UIApplication' bind=none)))))
(brace_stmt))
(func_decl "applicationWillTerminate(_:)" type='<null type>'
(body_params
(pattern_typed implicit
(pattern_named implicit 'self'))
(pattern_tuple
(pattern_typed
(pattern_named 'application')
(type_ident
(component id='UIApplication' bind=none)))))
(brace_stmt))))
由于不了解编译器相关的知识，无法解析上述输出，但是看起来很像common lisp 的“点对”数据结构。
另外，我们会注意到另一个比较重要的命令行参数：-repl，我们一起玩玩，看看这个工具能力怎么样。
在命令行执行如下命令：
xcrun swift -repl
可以得到一个脚本解析器的执行环境：
我们参考“The Swift Programming Language”写一个Hello World，看看效果：
可以使用：Ctrl + D退出解析器。
这里可以得到：
1、swift既可以被编译执行，也可以被解析执行，是真正的动态语言。
2、大家可以用这个工具来学习语言特性。
就分析到这里，希望对大家有帮助。
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